Association analyses of East Asian individuals and trans-ancestry analyses with European individuals reveal new loci associated with cholesterol and triglyceride levels

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Author	Spracklen Cassandra N. Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan Chen Peng Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China Kim Young Jin Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Wang Xu Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Cai Hui Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Li Shengxu Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Long Jirong Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Wu Ying Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Wang Ya Xing Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Takeuchi Fumihiko National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Wu Jer-Yuarn Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Jung Keum-Ji Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea Hu Cheng Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China Akiyama Koichi National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Zhang Yonghong Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Moon Sanghoon Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Johnson Todd A. Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Li Huaixing Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Dorajoo Rajkumar Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore He Meian Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Cannon Maren E. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Roman Tamara S. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Salfati Elias Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Lin Keng-Hung Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Guo Xiuqing Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Sheu Wayne H. H. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Absher Devin HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA Adair Linda S. Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Assimes Themistocles L. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Aung Tin Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Cai Qiuyin Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Chang Li-Ching Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Chen Chien-Hsiun Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Chien Li-Hsin Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan Chuang Lee-Ming Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Chuang Shu-Chun Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan Du Shufa Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Fan Qiao Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Fann Cathy S. J. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Feranil Alan B. USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines Friedlander Yechiel Unit of Epidemiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel Gordon-Larsen Penny Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Gu Dongfeng Department of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China Gui Lixuan Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Guo Zhirong Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Heng Chew-Kiat Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore Hixson James Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA Hou Xuhong Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China Hsiung Chao Agnes Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan Hu Yao Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Hwang Mi Yeong Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Hwu Chii-Min School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Isono Masato National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Juang Jyh-Ming Jimmy College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Khor Chiea-Chuen Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Kim Yun Kyoung Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Koh Woon-Puay Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Kubo Michiaki RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Lee I-Te Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Lee Sun-Ju Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea Lee Wen-Jane Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Social Work, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan Liang Kae-Woei School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Lim Blanche Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Lim Sing-Hui Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Liu Jianjun Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Nabika, Toru Pan Wen-Harn Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Peng Hao Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Quertermous Thomas Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA Sabanayagam Charumathi Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Sandow Kevin Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Shi Jinxiu Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, China Sun Liang Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Tan Pok Chien Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Tan Shu-Pei Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Taylor Kent D. Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Teo Yik-Ying Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Toh Sue-Anne Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Tsunoda Tatsuhiko Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan van Dam Rob M. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Wang Aili Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Wang Feijie Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Wang Jie Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China Wei Wen Bin Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Xiang Yong-Bing Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China Yao Jie Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Yuan Jian-Min Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Zhang Rong Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China Zhao Wanting Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Chen Yii-Der Ida Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Rich Stephen S. Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA Rotter Jerome I. Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Wang Tzung-Dau College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Wu Tangchun Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Lin Xu Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Han Bok-Ghee Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Tanaka Toshihiro Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Cho Yoon Shin Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea Katsuya Tomohiro Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan Jia Weiping Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China Jee Sun-Ha Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea Chen Yuan-Tsong Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Kato Norihiro National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Jonas Jost B. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany Cheng Ching-Yu Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Shu Xiao-Ou Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA He Jiang Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Zheng Wei Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Wong Tien-Yin Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Huang Wei Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, China Kim Bong-Jo Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea Tai E-Shyong Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Mohlke Karen L. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Sim Xueling Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Journal Title	HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS
Volume	26
Issue	9
Start Page	1770
End Page	1784
ISSN	0964-6906
ISSN（Online）	1460-2083
Published Date	2017-05-1
DOI	10.1093/hmg/ddx062
PubMed ID	28334899
Publisher	OXFORD UNIV PRESS
NII Type	Journal Article
OAI-PMH Set	Faculty of Medicine
Remark	The Beijing Eye Study (BES) was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 81170890 and 81570835). The CAGE Network Studies were supported by grants for the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) from the Japan Science Technology Agency; the Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation Organization (NIBIO); and the Grant of National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM). The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was supported by the China National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety; the China Center for Disease Control; the National Institutes of Health (R01HD30880, R01HL108427, and R01DK104371); the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health; the China-Japan Friendship Hospital; the Chinese Ministry of Health; and the Carolina Population Center (R24 HD050924). The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK078150, TW005596 and HL085144; pilot funds from RR020649, ES010126, and DK056350; and the Office of Population Studies Foundation. The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt-Sensitivity (GenSalt) study was supported by research grants (U01HL072507, R01HL087263, and R01HL090682) from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, and partially supported by the Collins C. Diboll Private Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA. The Korean Association Resource (KARE) study was supported by grants from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (4845-301, 4851-302, 4851-307) and an intramural grant from the Korea National Institute of Health (2016-NI73001-00). The Korean-Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPSII) was funded by a grant of the Korean Health Technology R& D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI14C2686). The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS) was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R01CA124558, R01CA064277, and R01CA090899). The Singapore Chinese Eye Study (SCES), and Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES) are supported by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore (grants 0796/2003, 1176/2008, 1149/2008, STaR/0003/2008, 1249/2010, CG/SERI/2010, CIRG/1371/2013, and CIRG/1417/2015), and Biomedical Research Council (BMRC), Singapore (08/1/35/19/550 and 09/1/35/19/616). The Singapore Prospective Study Program (SP2) was supported by the individual research grant and clinician scientist award schemes from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) and the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) of Singapore. The Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Studies (SWMHS) were supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R37CA070867, R01CA082729, UM1CA182910, UM1CA173640). GWAS were supported by R37CA070867, R01CA082729, R01CA124558, R01CA148667, R01CA122364, R01CA122756, and R01CA137013, as well as Ingram Professorship and Research Reward funds from the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Sample preparation and genotyping assays at Vanderbilt were conducted at the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resources and Vanderbilt Microarray Shared Resource, which were supported in part by Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30CA068485). The Taiwan Super Control Study (TWSC) was supported by a grant from Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (IBMS 40-05-GMM). The Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study (DFTJ-cohort) was supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation (grant NSFC-81230069 to T.; Wu, grant NSFC-81473051 and 81522040 to M. He). The Health Examinee (HEXA) was supported by grants from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (4845301, 4851-302, 4851-307) and an intramural grant from the Korea National Institute of Health (2016-NI73001-00). The CAGE Amagasaki Study was supported in part by grants from SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation. Health2 was supported by grants from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (4845-301, 4851-302, 4851-307) and an intramural grant from the Korea National Institute of Health (2016NI73001- 00). The Nutrition and Health of Aging Population in China (NHAPC) study was supported by the Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016-YFC1304903), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471013, 30930081, 81321062, 81170734 and 81471013), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-L14). The Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) was supported by the National Institutes of Health, USA (RO1CA144034 and UM1CA182876), the nested casecontrol study of myocardial infarction by the Singapore National Medical Research Council (NMRC 1270/2010) and genotyping by the HUJ-CREATE Programme of the National Research Foundation, Singapore (Project Number 370062002). The Shanghai Diabetes Inpatient Database (SDIID) was supported by National Science Foundation of China (81322010). The work at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital for Shanghai Diabetes Inpatient Database (SDIID) and Shanghai Diabetes Study (SHDS) was supported by grants from National 973 Program (2011CB504001), NSFC (81322010 and 81170735), Shanghai Rising Star Program (12QH1401700), Shanghai Talent Development Grant (2012041), Excellent Young Medical Expert of Shanghai (XYQ2011041) and National Young Top Talent Support Program. The Suzhou Metabolic Syndrome Study (SMSS) was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81320108026), and is a Project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study (MESA) was supported by the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) contracts N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169 and by grants UL1-TR-000040 and UL1-RR-025005 from NCRR. Funding for MESA SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02-HL-6-4278. The provision of genotyping data was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR001881, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. The TaiChi consortium (TaiChi) study was supported by the National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan (PH-100-SP-01, BS-094-PP-01, PH-100-PP-03), the National Science Council, Taiwan (Grant Nos NSC 98-2314-B-075A-002-MY3, NSC 96-2314-B-002-151, NSC 96-2314-B-002-152, NSC 98-2314-B-002-122-MY2, NSC 100-2314-B-002-115, NSC 101-2325-002-078, 101-2314-B-075A-006-MY3), the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan (NTUH 98-N1266, NTUH 100-N1775, NTUH 101-N2010, NTUH 101-N, VN101-04, NTUH 101-S1784).; The TaiChi-G study was supported by the National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan (PH-100-SP-01, BS-094-PP-01, PH-100-PP-03), the National Science Council, Taiwan (Grant Nos NSC 98-2314-B-075A-002-MY3, NSC 96-2314-B-002-151, NSC 96-2314-B-002-152, NSC 98-2314-B-002-122-MY2, NSC 100-2314-B-002-115, NSC 101-2325-002-078, 101-2314-B-075A-006-MY3), the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan (NTUH 98-N1266, NTUH 100-N1775, NTUH 101-N2010, NTUH 101-N, VN101-04, NTUH 101-S1784). The Taiwan-US Diabetic Retinopathy (TUDR) study was supported by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (EY014684 to J. I. R. and Y.-D.I.C.) and ARRA Supplement (EY014684-03S1, -04S1), the Eye Birth Defects Foundation Inc., the National Science Council, Taiwan (MOST 104-2314-B-075A-006 -MY3 to W.H.S., MOST 104-2314-B-075A-007 to I.T.L.) and the Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (TCVGH-HK1028001, TCVGH-HK1048002, TCVGH-HK1058001 to W.J.L., TCVGH-VHCY1058605 to K.H.L., TCVGH-VTA105T4-3 to I.T.L.). DNA handling and genotyping were supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR001881 and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. Cassandra N. Spracklen was supported by the American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship (15POST24470131). Peng Chen was supported by Changbai Mountain Scholar Award Program of Jilin Province China, and National Recruitment Program for Young Professionals of the Thousand Talents Plan China. Shengxu Li was partly supported by grant 13SDG14650068 from American Heart Association. Maren E. Cannon was supported by National Institutes of Health F31 HL127984. Tamara S. Roman was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 DK072193. Ching-Yu Cheng was supported by an award from NMRC (CSA/033/2012). Yoon Shin Cho acknowledged support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant (NRF-2012M3A9D1054534).