The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity

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Author	Appeltans Ward Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre, Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium / Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, Oostende 8400, Belgium Ahyong Shane T. Australian Museum, Sydney 2010, Australia / School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia Anderson Gary Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA Angel Martin V. National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK Artois Tom Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium Bailly Nicolas WorldFish Center, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines Bamber Roger ARTOO Marine Biology Consultants, Southampton SO14 5QY, UK Barber Anthony British Myriapod and Isopod Group, Ivybridge, Devon PL21 0BD, UK Bartsch Ilse Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberg, Hamburg 22607, Germany Berta Annalisa Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA Blazewicz-Paszkowycz Magdalena Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of Łódź, Łódź 90-237, Poland Bock Phil Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia Boxshall Geoff Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Boyko Christopher B. Department of Biology, Dowling College, Oakdale, NY 11769, USA Brandao Simone Nunes German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Research Institute, Wilhelmshaven 26382, Germany / Zoological Museum Hamburg, University of Hamburg; Zoological Institute und Zoological Museum, Hamburg 20146, Germany Bray Rod A. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Bruce Niel L. Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa / Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia Cairns Stephen D. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Chan Tin-Yam Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan Cheng Lanna Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Collins Allen G. National Systematics Lab, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC 20560, USA Cribb Thomas School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Curini-Galletti Marco Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium / Plant Biology and Nature Management Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1050, Belgium Davie Peter J. F. Centre for Biodiversity, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia Dawson Michael N. School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA De Clerck Olivier Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium Decock Wim Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre, Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium De Grave Sammy Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK de Voogd Nicole J. Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands Domning Daryl P. Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA Emig Christian C. BrachNet, Marseille 13007, France Erseus Christer Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden Eschmeyer William Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA / Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA Fauchald Kristian National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Fautin Daphne G. University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA Feist Stephen W. Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK Fransen Charles H. J. M. Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands Furuya Hidetaka Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan Garcia-Alvarez Oscar Department of Zoology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain Gerken Sarah Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Gibson David Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Gittenberger Arjan Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands Gofas Serge Departamento de Biología Animal, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain Gomez-Daglio Liza School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA Gordon Dennis P. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Guiry Michael D. AlgaeBase, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway LTD-59-7SN, Ireland Hernandez Francisco Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre, Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium Hoeksema Bert W. Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands Hopcroft Russell R. School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220, USA Jaume Damia Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Esporles 7190, Spain Kirk Paul CABI Bioservices, Egham TW20 9TY, UK Koedam Nico Plant Biology and Nature Management Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1050, Belgium Koenemann Stefan Department of Biology and Didactics, University of Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany Kolb Juergen B. Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand Kristensen Reinhardt M. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark Kroh Andreas Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria Lambert Gretchen Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA Lazarus David B. Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 10115, Germany Lemaitre Rafael National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Longshaw Matt Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK Lowry Jim Australian Museum, Sydney 2010, Australia Macpherson Enrique Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes 17300, Spain Madin Laurence P. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA Mah Christopher National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Mapstone Gill Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK McLaughlin Patsy A. Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA Mees Jan Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium / Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium Meland Kenneth Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway Messing Charles G. Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA Mills Claudia E. Friday Harbor Laboratories and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Molodtsova Tina N. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117218, Russia Mooi Rich Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA Neuhaus Birger Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin 10115, Germany Ng Peter K. L. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Science, 2 Kent Ridge Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore Nielsen Claus Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark Norenburg Jon National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Opresko Dennis M. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Osawa, Masayuki Paulay Gustav Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Perrin William Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, San Diego, CA 92037, USA Pilger John F. Biology Department, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030-3770, USA Poore Gary C. B. Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia Pugh Phil National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK Read Geoffrey B. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Reimer James D. Rising Star Program, Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropical Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan Rius Marc Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Rocha Rosana M. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil Saiz-Salinas Jose I. Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao 48080, Spain Scarabino Victor Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo CP 11100, Uruguay Schierwater Bernd ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany Schmidt-Rhaesa Andreas Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany Schnabel Kareen E. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Schotte Marilyn National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Schuchert Peter Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva 1208, Switzerland Schwabe Enrico Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, München 81247, Germany Segers Hendrik Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels 1000, Belgium Self-Sullivan Caryn Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA / Sirenian International, 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA Shenkar Noa Zoology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Siegel Volker Institute for Sea Fisheries, Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Hamburg 22767, Germany Sterrer Wolfgang Bermuda Natural History Museum, Flatts FLBX, Bermuda Stohr Sabine Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm 10405, Sweden Swalla Billie Friday Harbor Laboratories and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Tasker Mark L. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough PE1 1JY, UK Thuesen Erik V. Laboratory One, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505-0002, USA Timm Tarmo Centre for Limnology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Rannu 61117, Estonia Todaro M. Antonio Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy Turon Xavier Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes 17300, Spain Tyler Seth School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5751, USA Uetz Peter Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2030, USA van der Land Jacob Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands Vanhoorne Bart Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre, Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium van Ofwegen Leen P. Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands van Soest Rob W. M. Flemish Marine Data and Information Centre, Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende 8400, Belgium Vanaverbeke Jan Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium Walker-Smith Genefor Museum Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia Walter T. Chad National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Warren Alan Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK Williams Gary C. Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA Wilson Simon P. School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland Costello Mark J. Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Journal Title	CURRENT BIOLOGY
Volume	22
Issue	23
Start Page	2189
End Page	2202
ISSN	0960-9822
ISSN（Online）	1879-0445
Published Date	2012-12-4
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.036
PubMed ID	23159596
Publisher	CELL PRESS
NII Type	Journal Article
OAI-PMH Set	Estuary Research Center
Remark	WoRMS has benefited from funding as part of several EU projects: Network of Excellence in Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (MarBEF), Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure (PESI), Distributed Dynamic Diversity Databases for Life (4D4Life), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and the Census of Marine Life (CoML). It originated in the European Register of Marine Species (ERMS) that was funded by the EU Marine Science and Technology (MAST) research program. We thank Catherine McFadden (Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA) and Mark Brugman (University of Melbourne, Australia) for helpful discussion and the referees for helpful criticism. We wish to acknowledge the time contributed by mary more scientists and their institutions in creating WoRMS than are currently listed in the author list. This paper is dedicated to Jacob van der Land (1935-2011), who began the compilation of a digital inventory of all marine species in the mid-1990s, which contributed to WoRMS.